Cataract surgery is a safe way to improve your vision, but it can have risks and side effects. Make sure you find a doctor you trust and talk to them about any conditions or medications you have. During recovery, you may need to use eye drops or wear an eye shield to keep your eyes safe.
Cataract surgery is a widely-used procedure to treat cataracts, which are a common age-related eye condition. Cataract surgery involves removing the lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens. While there are many benefits associated with cataract surgery, there are also potential risks and costs associated with the procedure. In this blog post, we will discuss what doctors don’t tell you about cataract surgery, including pre-operative and post-operative considerations, potential risks and complications, cost, and potential long-term outcomes. We will also discuss other treatment and prevention options for cataracts.
Overview of Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is a common procedure that can help restore vision in patients who have cloudy or blurry vision due to cataracts. The surgery involves removing the cataract-affected lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. It is usually done on an outpatient basis, and most patients can return to their normal activities within a few days.
The procedure is relatively straightforward and generally very safe, but it is important to understand the risks and benefits of cataract surgery before making a decision. This overview of cataract surgery will provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision about your vision care.
First, you should know that the surgery is a relatively simple process. After anesthesia is administered, the doctor removes the cataract-affected lens and replaces it with an artificial lens. The new lens is then adjusted to restore vision. Once the procedure is complete, the patient is monitored for any potential complications.
Although the procedure is generally safe, there are some risks associated with cataract surgery. These include a risk of infection, bleeding, and damage to the eye or surrounding tissues. Additionally, the new lens may not provide perfect vision, and some patients may require additional corrective lenses.
In terms of benefits, cataract surgery can often improve vision and reduce the need for glasses or contacts. It can also reduce glare and improve night vision. In addition, the procedure can sometimes reduce the risk of developing other eye diseases, such as glaucoma.
Cataract surgery is a safe and effective procedure that can improve vision and help you enjoy a better quality of life. However, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure with your doctor before making a decision. Doing so will help ensure that you make an informed decision and get the best outcome from your surgery.
Causes of Cataracts
Cataracts are a common eye condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque, resulting in blurred vision. This can be caused by a number of factors, including age, UV exposure, and certain medications. Age-related cataracts are the most common form, and they can be easily treated with cataract surgery.
While a lot of people understand the basics of cataract surgery, there are a few other causes of cataracts that are less well known. Here are some of the lesser-known causes of cataracts:
• Diabetes: People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing cataracts due to the damage that high blood sugar levels can cause to the lens.
• Smoking: Smoking can cause oxidative damage to the lens, leading to cataracts.
• Hereditary factors: Cataracts can be hereditary, so if any of your family members have had cataracts, you may be at an increased risk as well.
• Trauma: Trauma to the eye can cause the lens to become cloudy, leading to cataracts.
• Exposure to radiation: Radiation therapy to the head or neck can increase the risk of cataracts.
• Medications: Some medications, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of cataracts.
It is important to be aware of the potential causes of cataracts, as this can help you to take steps to reduce your risk. If you are at an increased risk due to any of the above factors, be sure to speak to your doctor about what measures you can take to reduce your risk of developing cataracts.
Symptoms of Cataracts
Cataracts are a common eye condition caused by the clouding of the eye’s natural lens. The symptoms of cataracts can range from mild to severe and include blurred vision, difficulty seeing at night, and increased sensitivity to bright light. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to visit an ophthalmologist for an eye exam.
During the examination, your ophthalmologist will assess your vision and look for signs of cataracts. If you are diagnosed with cataracts, you may be prescribed glasses or contact lenses to help improve your vision. In more severe cases, your doctor may recommend cataract surgery.
Cataract surgery is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore your vision. It involves removing the clouded lens from the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens. While the surgery itself is safe, there are a few things that your doctor may not tell you about cataract surgery.
First, the recovery process can be lengthy and uncomfortable. You may experience a few weeks of blurry vision, redness, and discomfort. Additionally, you may need to wear an eye patch for a few days following your surgery.
Second, while cataract surgery can improve vision, it won’t completely restore it. You may still need to wear glasses or contacts after the surgery.
Finally, cataract surgery is not a permanent solution. As you age, the artificial lens can become cloudy, leading to vision problems. This is why it is important to attend regular eye exams to monitor the health of your eyes.
Overall, cataract surgery is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore vision. However, it is important to understand the recovery process and potential long-term effects of the surgery. If you are experiencing any symptoms of cataracts, it is important to visit an ophthalmologist for a proper diagnosis.
Types of Cataract Surgery
Cataracts are a common cause of vision loss, but they can be effectively treated with surgery. There are several types of cataract surgery available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. It’s important to discuss with your doctor which type of cataract surgery is best for you.
Phacoemulsification surgery is the most commonly used type of cataract surgery. During this procedure, an ultrasonic probe is used to break up the cloudy lens and remove it from the eye. The lens is then replaced with a clear artificial intraocular lens (IOL). This type of surgery is generally less invasive than other types of cataract surgery and can be done in less than an hour.
Extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) is another commonly used type of cataract surgery. This procedure is more involved than phacoemulsification, but it can sometimes be used for more advanced cataracts. During ECCE, the cloudy lens is removed in one piece and replaced with an IOL. This procedure can take up to two hours and usually requires a longer recovery period.
Intracapsular cataract surgery (ICCE) is the oldest and most invasive type of cataract surgery. During ICCE, the entire lens and its surrounding capsule are removed together. This procedure is more complicated and takes longer to perform than the other types of cataract surgery. It also requires a longer recovery period.
No matter which type of cataract surgery you choose, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Your doctor will be able to provide you with more information on the different types of cataract surgery and help you decide which type is right for you.
Benefits of Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful eye surgeries performed today. It is a safe and effective way to restore vision that has been lost due to cataracts. This procedure can help improve vision, reduce glare and halos, and even reduce the risk of developing other eye diseases.
The most obvious benefit of cataract surgery is improved vision. Cataracts cause the lenses of the eyes to become cloudy and distorted, which can lead to blurred vision and reduced contrast. By removing the cataracts, vision can become clearer and more focused. Additionally, cataract surgery can reduce glare and halos around lights, which can make nighttime driving easier and safer.
Cataract surgery can also reduce the risk of developing other eye diseases. Cataracts can increase the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. By removing the cataracts, these risks can be drastically reduced.
Finally, cataract surgery can be used to correct refractive errors, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. This can help people who are dependent on corrective lenses or are considering refractive surgery, such as LASIK, to get the vision correction they need without the risks associated with those surgeries.
Overall, cataract surgery is a safe and reliable procedure that can offer a multitude of benefits. It can help to improve vision, reduce glare and halos, and reduce the risk of developing other eye diseases. It can also be used to correct refractive errors, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. If you’re considering cataract surgery, speak to your doctor to learn more about the benefits and risks.
Cost of Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful types of eye surgery available today, but it can be expensive. Depending on where you live and the type of surgery you opt for, the cost of cataract surgery can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars.
The cost of cataract surgery includes the cost of the surgery itself, as well as the cost of the eye exam, testing and other pre-surgery preparations. It also includes the cost of the intraocular lenses (IOLs) used in the procedure, which can range from $500 to $2,500. Some insurance plans may cover part of the cost of cataract surgery, but it’s important to check with your provider to make sure.
It’s important to note that opting for more expensive IOLs can sometimes result in better vision and fewer complications, so it’s worth considering them if you’re able to afford it. Speak to your eye surgeon and find out what type of IOLs they recommend for your particular situation.
It’s also important to be aware that some cataract surgery providers offer packages that bundle the cost of the surgery and the IOLs, which can be cheaper than purchasing them separately. If you’re concerned about the cost of cataract surgery, it’s worth asking your provider if they offer any package deals or payment plans.
Overall, while the cost of cataract surgery can be expensive, it’s important to remember that it’s also a very safe and successful procedure. It can help to restore your vision and improve your quality of life, so it’s worth considering if you’re able to afford it.
What to Expect Pre-surgery and Post-surgery
When it comes to cataract surgery, there is a lot to know and understand. It is important to be aware of what to expect during the pre-surgery and post-surgery process. During the pre-surgery phase, your doctor may give you a general anesthesia. This will involve injecting medicine into your intravenous, as well as a mixture of anesthetic gases with oxygen to breathe. Additionally, you may have a pre-operative evaluation with members of your care team.
During the post-surgery phase, you may experience some pain or discomfort, which should decrease throughout the healing process. Your doctor will provide you with pain medication to manage any discomfort. Additionally, you may be required to wear an eye patch for a few days after the procedure. Your doctor will also provide you with instructions for how to care for your eye during recovery. This may include using eye drops and avoiding strenuous activity.
Overall, it is important to be aware of what to expect before and after cataract surgery. Knowing the process can help ensure a smooth and successful procedure. Your doctor should provide you with all the necessary information to ensure you are prepared for the pre-surgery and post-surgery stages.
Advances in Cataract Surgery Techniques
Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful forms of eye surgery. Cataract surgery involves removing the opacified lens from the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens to improve vision. In recent years, advances in cataract surgery techniques have made the procedure even more successful and minimally invasive.
The most common cataract surgery technique is phacoemulsification, which involves using sound waves to break up the cataract and then aspirating the fragments out of the eye. This technique allows the surgeon to make smaller incisions, preserving the integrity of the eye and reducing the risk of complications.
Another technique is laser-assisted cataract surgery, which uses a laser to cut the cataract into smaller pieces, making it easier to remove. This technique is also minimally invasive, preserving the eye’s integrity and reducing the risk of complications.
In addition, intraocular lens implants have been developed that are more customized to the patient’s eye, providing better vision outcomes. This technology has allowed for more personalized vision correction and improved patient satisfaction.
Overall, advances in cataract surgery techniques have made the procedure more successful and minimally invasive. With these improved techniques, cataract surgery can provide patients with better vision and a more comfortable recovery.
Potential Risks and Complications of Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is a safe and effective way to treat cataracts, which are clouding of the eye’s natural lens. However, like any other surgical procedure, there are potential risks and complications associated with cataract surgery.
These risks include infection, inflammation, and trauma to the eye. There is also a risk of retinal detachment, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Other risks include cystoid macular edema (CME), which is swelling in the macula of the eye, and corneal swelling.
In rare cases, the cataract can return after surgery, necessitating another procedure. Additionally, the new lens implant can become dislocated or shifted, leading to blurred vision. The eye may also become overly dry, resulting in discomfort and irritation.
Due to the potential risks and complications associated with cataract surgery, it is important to discuss the procedure with your doctor before undergoing the surgery. Your doctor will be able to assess your individual risks and provide you with the best advice and care before, during, and after the procedure.
It is also important to follow your doctor’s post-operative instructions and to attend all follow-up appointments. If any symptoms arise that cause concern, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
By being aware of the potential risks and complications associated with cataract surgery, you can better prepare for the procedure and ensure the best possible outcome.
How to Choose the Right Surgeon
Choosing the right surgeon for your cataract surgery is a very important decision that needs to be made with care. There are a few key things you should consider when selecting the right surgeon for your cataract surgery.
First, make sure the surgeon is board certified in ophthalmology or ophthalmic plastic surgery. You should also confirm the surgeon’s experience in the specific procedures you want. Ask the surgeon how many cataract surgeries they have performed and ask to see before and after pictures of their work.
Second, look for ratings and reviews of the surgeon. Check online sites such as Healthgrades and Yelp to see what people are saying about the surgeon and their practice. You can also ask friends and family for referrals.
Third, make sure the surgeon has hospital or surgical center privileges for the cataract surgery. Ask the surgeon about their emergency protocols and make sure they are comfortable with the hospital’s emergency care policies.
Fourth, ask the surgeon about their experience with complications. Ask if they have had any complications in the past and what measures they took to avoid them.
Fifth, make sure the surgeon is up to date on the latest cataract surgery technologies. Ask the surgeon about the types of cataract surgery they specialize in and which technologies they use.
Lastly, make sure the surgeon is someone you can trust and feel comfortable with. Make sure the surgeon is able to answer all of your questions and make you feel at ease. The most important criteria for choosing your surgeon is your ability to trust the doctor. When you meet with your surgeon, speak with them and ask questions to ensure they are the right fit for you.
By following these tips, you can be sure that you are making the right choice for your cataract surgery and finding the right surgeon for the job.
What Doctors Don’t Tell You About Cataract Surgery
To ensure the best outcome for cataract surgery, there are a number of pre- and post-operative considerations that should be taken into account.
Pre-Operative Considerations
When it comes to cataract surgery, there are certain pre-operative considerations that doctors may not always discuss with you. Having a thorough understanding of the procedure, its risks and benefits, is essential for any patient considering cataract surgery.
At the pre-operative appointment, your doctor will likely discuss your medical history, any other eye conditions that may be present, and your lifestyle to determine if cataract surgery is the best option for you. In addition, your doctor may also discuss the type of lens implant that would be best for your eyes, as well as any potential risks or complications that could arise from the surgery.
Your doctor may also discuss the pre-operative testing that will need to be done, such as a comprehensive eye exam, imaging tests, and other tests that can help determine the extent of the cataracts in your eyes. It is important to understand that these tests are used to ensure that you are a good candidate for cataract surgery, and they are vital to the success of the procedure.
Finally, your doctor may also discuss with you the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle before the surgery. This includes eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding certain medications and activities that may increase the risk of complications. Adhering to these recommendations can help ensure the best outcome for your cataract surgery.
By understanding the pre-operative considerations for cataract surgery, you can make an informed decision about whether this procedure is right for you. Knowing what questions to ask your doctor and understanding the risks and benefits of the procedure can help you make a well-informed decision.
Post-Operative Considerations
When it comes to cataract surgery, post-operative considerations are just as important as the surgery itself. Even after a successful surgery, it’s important for patients to understand what to expect and how to take care of themselves during the first few weeks.
Post-operative considerations include:
• Follow-up appointments: After surgery, it’s important to have regular follow-up appointments with your doctor to make sure your eyes are healing properly and your vision is improving.
• Use of eye drops: Eye drops are typically prescribed following surgery to reduce inflammation, reduce risk of infection, and promote healing. It’s important to use these drops as prescribed and to follow your doctor’s instructions carefully.
• Protective eyewear: Wearing protective eyewear, such as sunglasses, is recommended for several weeks after surgery to protect your eyes from the sun’s harmful rays.
• Activity restrictions: Rest is important following surgery and it’s important to avoid strenuous activity or anything that puts pressure on or around the eyes.
• Dietary restrictions: Some foods can irritate the eyes after surgery, such as spicy foods, acidic foods, and foods that are high in sugar. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding these foods can help with healing.
It’s important to follow your doctor’s instructions carefully and to discuss any questions or concerns you may have. Understanding post-operative considerations can help you have a successful cataract surgery and achieve the best possible results.
Postoperative Care After Cataract Surgery
Postoperative care is incredibly important after any type of surgery, and cataract surgery is no exception. After undergoing cataract surgery, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and know the steps you should take to ensure a safe and successful recovery. Here are some postoperative tips to help you through the process:
1. Follow your doctor’s instructions. It is important to carefully follow all instructions from your doctor, such as those regarding medications, activity and follow-up appointments.
2. Wear protective eyewear. To protect your eyes from further damage, it is important to wear protective eyewear when outdoors or in bright light. This includes wearing sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat.
3. Avoid rubbing your eyes. Rubbing your eyes can cause damage to the incision area and increase the risk of infection. If you feel the urge to rub, gently tap the area instead.
4. Take medications as prescribed. Your doctor will likely prescribe eye drops and/or antibiotics to help with the healing process. It is important to take the medications as prescribed to reduce the risk of infection.
5. Avoid strenuous activities. It is important to avoid strenuous activities such as heavy lifting, running, or swimming for at least two weeks after the surgery. This will help reduce the risk of infection and allow the area to heal properly.
6. Monitor your vision. It is important to monitor your vision for any changes or signs of infection. If you experience any changes or signs of infection, it is important to contact your doctor immediately.
By following these postoperative tips, you can help ensure a safe and successful recovery after cataract surgery. While there are always potential risks involved with any type of surgery, taking the necessary steps can help reduce or eliminate those risks. If you have any questions or concerns about the postoperative care of cataract surgery, be sure to contact your doctor.
Recovery Time After Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is one of the most successful and routine surgeries performed in the world today. While this is a relatively quick and painless procedure, it is important to understand the recovery time involved after the operation.
Recovery time after cataract surgery can vary from patient to patient, but generally, the healing process will take several weeks. The first day after surgery, patients may experience some mild discomfort, such as burning, itching, or redness in the area of the incision. These symptoms should subside within 24 hours.
It is important to follow the doctor’s instructions and attend all post-operative appointments. During these appointments, the doctor will check the eye and ensure that the eye is healing properly.
During the first few days after surgery, patients should avoid strenuous activities and rest as much as possible. It is also important to avoid rubbing or putting pressure on the eye. Patients should also wear protective eyewear when going outdoors to prevent the risk of infection.
The vision should start to improve within the first few days after surgery, although it may take several weeks for the vision to stabilize. It is important to note that the vision may not be fully corrected until several weeks after the surgery.
Recovery time after cataract surgery can be different for each patient, but generally, the healing process should take several weeks. It is important to follow the doctor’s instructions, attend all post-operative appointments and wear protective eyewear when going outdoors. With a little patience and care, patients can look forward to improved vision and lifestyle following cataract surgery.
Diet and Nutrition After Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is a common procedure that can help improve your vision, but what many doctors don’t tell you is that diet and nutrition can play an important role in supporting your recovery. Although the surgery itself is relatively straightforward, what you eat and drink after your surgery can make a big difference in terms of helping your eyes heal and recover quickly.
If you’ve recently had cataract surgery, it’s important to take special care when it comes to your diet and nutrition. To help you get the most out of your recovery, here are some tips for eating and drinking after cataract surgery:
1. Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids help to reduce inflammation and promote healthy vision. Good sources of omega-3s include fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel, as well as walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds.
2. Eat plenty of dark leafy greens. Dark leafy greens are rich in carotenoids, which are important for eye health and can help protect your eyes from damage. Foods like kale, spinach, Swiss chard, and collard greens are all good sources of carotenoids.
3. Eat foods rich in vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for eye health, and foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, and squash are all good sources of this important vitamin.
4. Avoid processed foods. Processed foods are high in calories, fat, and sugar, and can be detrimental to your overall health. Instead, focus on eating fresh, whole foods that are as close to their natural state as possible.
By following these simple diet and nutrition tips after cataract surgery, you can help your eyes heal and recover quickly. While you may have to make some changes to your diet, the benefits are worth the effort. So, don’t wait—start eating right today and take control of your vision!
Prevention and Treatment Options for Cataracts
Cataracts are a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and can cause a range of vision problems. Though people often associate cataracts with aging, cataracts can develop at any age. Fortunately, there are a variety of prevention and treatment options available for cataracts.
The best way to prevent cataracts is to take steps to protect your eyes from UV rays, such as wearing sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat when outdoors. Additionally, eating a healthy diet rich in antioxidants and vitamins can help reduce the risk of developing cataracts. Quitting smoking is also a good idea as it can help decrease the risk of developing cataracts.
If you already have cataracts, there are several treatment options that can help improve your vision. The most common treatment is surgery. During cataract surgery, the eye surgeon will remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial intraocular lens. This procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and is relatively safe.
Another treatment option is to use prescription eyeglasses or contacts to help improve your vision. These are typically recommended for people with mild cataracts. Additionally, there are a variety of eye drops that can help reduce the symptoms of cataracts.
Finally, it is important to receive regular eye exams to monitor your vision and to detect any changes in your eyesight. This will help your doctor determine the best course of treatment for your cataracts.
Cataracts can be a nuisance, but with the right prevention and treatment options, you can keep your vision healthy and clear. If you are concerned about cataracts, it is important to speak to your doctor about your options and to receive regular eye exams.
Alternative Treatments to Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is one of the most successful and common eye surgeries performed, but it is not the only way to treat cataracts. Many people are unaware of the alternative treatments available to them, so it’s important to know all of your options before making a decision.
One option is the use of artificial tears and anti-inflammatory eye drops. Artificial tears can help to reduce the symptoms of cataracts and can be used alone or in combination with anti-inflammatory eye drops. These drops can help to reduce the inflammation and irritation caused by the cataract and can improve vision.
Another option is to wear a special tinted contact lens. The tinted contact lens can help block out some of the light that is causing the cataracts and can improve the overall vision. This option is often recommended for people with mild to moderate cataracts.
Lifestyle modifications are also important for people with cataracts. Increasing the amount of bright light exposure, avoiding smoking, and wearing sunglasses with UV protection can all help slow the progression of the cataracts.
Finally, supplements can be taken to help protect the eyes from cataracts. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin, can help reduce the risk of cataracts.
Cataract surgery is a successful and common procedure, but it is important to be aware of the alternative treatments available to you. With the right combination of lifestyle modifications, supplements, and treatments, you can help protect your eyes from cataracts and maintain good vision.
Questions to Ask Your Surgeon
If you’re considering cataract surgery, it is important to be informed about the procedure and the risks involved. Your doctor may not tell you everything you need to know, so it’s important to ask the right questions before the operation. Here is a list of questions to ask your surgeon before undergoing cataract surgery:
1. What type of cataract surgery do you recommend? 2. What are the risks associated with the procedure? 3. What are the possible complications? 4. How long is the recovery period? 5. What type of follow-up care will I need? 6. How much experience do you have in performing this type of surgery? 7. What will I need to do to prepare for the surgery? 8. How long will the surgery take? 9. What type of anesthesia will be used? 10. What types of vision correction options are available?
Asking your surgeon these questions can help you make an informed decision about your cataract surgery. It is important to feel comfortable with your surgeon and to understand the entire procedure before undergoing any type of medical procedure. Your surgeon should be able to answer all your questions and provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision.
Long-term Outcomes of Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful eye surgeries performed today. However, it is important to understand that the long-term outcomes of cataract surgery will vary depending on a variety of factors, such as the patient’s age, health, and lifestyle.
In general, the long-term outcome of cataract surgery is almost always positive. Most patients will experience improved vision, with a decrease in the amount of light that is scattered when looking at objects. In addition, many patients will have a significantly reduced risk of developing macular degeneration and other age-related eye conditions.
However, there are some risks associated with cataract surgery that doctors often don’t discuss. These include post-operative inflammation, infection, and retinal detachment. In rare cases, vision can also become worse after surgery.
To ensure the best possible long-term outcome of cataract surgery, it is important to follow your doctor’s instructions for post-operative care and to follow up with regular eye exams. It is also important to maintain a healthy lifestyle and to protect your eyes from the sun’s UV rays.
Overall, understanding the long-term outcomes of cataract surgery can help you make an informed decision about whether or not to proceed with the surgery. While there are risks involved, most patients will experience positive benefits, such as improved vision and a lower risk of developing eye diseases.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cataract surgery is a safe and highly successful procedure that can restore vision and prevent blindness. It is important to be aware of the potential risks and complications associated with the procedure, as well as the cost and recovery time associated. Additionally, it is important to consult with a trusted surgeon who is an expert in cataract surgery and to be aware of the things that doctors don’t tell you about the procedure, such as pre-operative and post-operative considerations. With proper research and knowledge, cataract surgery can be a successful experience with long-term outcomes.
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